Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I

Taxonomy of learning outcomes in the Cognitive domain

In its most general form the six levels of cognitive outcomes are:
1.00 Knowledge
2.00 Comprehension
3.00 Application
4.00 Analysis
5.00 Synthesis
6.00 Evaluation

Robert M. Gagne

The Conditions of Learning

Five major categories of learning outcomes:
1.00 Verbal information
2.00 Intellectual skills
a. Discriminations
b. Concrete concepts
c. Defined concepts
d. Rules
e. Higher-order rules
3.00 Cognitive strategies
4.00 Attitudes (Affective Domain)
5.00 Motor (Psychomotor) skills

Bruner’s (1966) theory of instruction has four major principles:

• Motivation
  • Activation
  • Maintenance
  • Direction
• Structure
• Sequence
• Reinforcement

Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction

1. Gain attention
2. Inform learners of objectives
3. Stimulate recall of prior learning
4. Present the content
5. Provide learner guidance
6. Elicit performance (practice)
7. Provide feedback
8. Assess performance
9. Enhance retention and transfer

Bloom's Taxonomy
Theory in Practice Examples

Using Bloom's Taxonomy in the Creation of Geophysical Laboratory Exercises
http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_42008.htm

Writing Lesson Plans
http://www.huntington.edu/education/lessonplanning/Bloom.html

Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction
Theory into Practice Examples

Sample Lesson Plan for 602 Final Project Element Two
Screen Design for Instructional Designers http://research.umbc.edu/~hodell/less602.htm

ISD 602 Final Project by Carol Sipes - HIV/AIDS
Marie deVerneil - French 303
http://research.umbc.edu/~hodell/602fp.htm

How to Apply Gagne’s Events of Instruction in e-Learning
As an example of how to apply Gagne’s events of instruction to an actual training program, let’s look at a high-level treatment for a fictitious software training program. We’ll assume that we need to develop a CD-ROM tutorial to teach sales representatives how to use a new lead-tracking system called STAR, which runs on their laptop computers
http://www.e-learningguru.com/articles/art3_3.htm

Simple Lesson Plans
http://tiger.towson.edu/users/wsmith5/robertmgagne.htm

Bruner's Discovery Learning
Theory into Practice Examples

Webquest
A WebQuest is an inquiry-oriented activity in which most or all of the information used by learners is drawn from the Web. WebQuests are designed to use learners' time well, to focus on using information rather than looking for it, and to support learners' thinking at the levels of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The model was developed in early 1995 at San Diego State University by Bernie Dodge with Tom March.
http://webquest.sdsu.edu/

Academic papers
http://www.positivepractices.com/Pedagogy/DiscoveryLearning199.html

Examine your current course syllabus and outline activities which relate to each level of Bloom's Taxonomy. Is your course biased towards a particular level, for example does it rely heavily on recall of facts or methods or does it assess the ability of the student to apply the subject to complete a task.

Create a lesson plan for the course you intend to teach using Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction.

Structure a class you would teach using the "discovery learning" method.

Does a class taught with the "Discovery learning" method still require Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction?